ABSTRACT
Background The COVID-19 containment measures, implemented to curb the pandemic, impacted health of children and adolescents by numerous pathways. We present the impact on health care utilization and provision. Methods A systematic review on secondary health impact is ongoing (PubMed, PsychInfo, Embase). Literature is screened (title, , full-text) by 2 researchers, and data of interest extracted systematically.. Inclusion criteria are age (0 - 25 yrs.), exposure: containment measures, outcome: secondary health outcome, and European data origin. Results Jan. 2020 - Aug. 2021 10112 studies were identified, 337 were included. n = 60 were on health care utilization and provision. Utilization studies relied on objective hospital or registry data, care provision studies more often on survey data (professionals, parents). Data yields a large but varying decrease in emergency department visits during the lockdown: Italy ∼75%, Spain ∼65%, France ∼60%, and Germany ∼64%, and a substantial change in case mix and severity compared to comparable pre-COVID. Specialized and primary pediatric practices report that elective interventions were postponed, state of the art diagnostics withheld, and rehabilitation services disrupted. Vaccinations in infants, children, and adolescents dropped during the lockdown inversely proportional to children's age. Studies repeatedly suggest patients’ health services avoidance out of fear of infection and stay-at-home rules.Results on catch-up utilization and provision to follow (ongoing study). Conclusions COVID-19 measures exerted a measurable impact on health utilization and provision in children and adolescents. The utilization was comparatively lower and service provision disrupted across Europe. So far little can be said about a potential recovery in terms of catch-up of visits, diagnostics, or treatments. Analyses of the long-term health impact of the observed effects is recommended and can serve to improve future pandemic preparedness. Key messages • COVID-19 confinement measures had measurable secondary health impact on children and adolescents. • Data on catch-up healthcare is important to establish long term impact and learnings.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Crises such as the Coronavirus pandemic pose extraordinary challenges to the decision making in management teams. Teams need to integrate available information quickly to make informed decisions on the spot and update their decisions as new information becomes available. Moreover, making good decisions is hard as it requires sacrifices for the common good, and finally, implementing the decisions made is not easy as it requires persistence in the face of strong counterproductive social pressures. Design/methodology/approach: We provide a “psychology of action” perspective on making team-based management decisions in crisis by introducing collective implementation intentions (We-if-then plans) as a theory-based intervention tool to improve decision processes. We discuss our program of research on forming and acting on We-if-then plans in ad hoc teams facing challenging situations. Findings: Teams with We-if-then plans consistently made more informed decisions when information was socially or temporally distributed, when decision makers had to make sacrifices for the common good, and when strong social pressures opposed acting on their decisions. Preliminary experimental evidence indicates that assigning simple We-if-then plans had similar positive effects as providing a leader to steer team processes. Originality/value: Our analysis of self-regulated team decisions helps understand and improve how management teams can make and act on good decisions in crises such as the Coronavirus pandemic. © 2020, J. Lukas Thürmer, Frank Wieber and Peter M. Gollwitzer.